Human Embryonic Stem (hES)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell has a unique ability of differentiating into all cell types, which leads to the development of the whole organism. As the integrity of ES cells is crucial for the developing embryo, these cells have likely evolved a mechanism that will detect and respond to adverse stimuli. Indeed, hES cell has been shown to be highly sensitive to DNA damage, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this rapid death remain unclear. Caspases are critical mediators of apoptosis in the cells of mammals, and is considered a key protein that is responsible for controlling their activation is Bax, a Bcl-2 family proapoptotic member. While the main components of the apoptotic pathway have been known and identified, exactly how this pathway is functioning and regulated in various primary cells is still unclear. The study examined the apoptotic pathway in the hES cells and also reported a unique mechanism of hES cells that can help them to undergo apoptosis in response to the genotoxic damage. To visualize GFP-tagged Bax, the 3-day colonies of hES cells were transfected with 2 mg of hBaxC3-EGFP from Addgene with FuGENE HD transfection reagent from Roche. Transfection is the process of by which nucleic acids is introduce to the eukaryotic cells by methods that are nonviral. With the help of some various methods such as chemical, physical, lipid methods, this technology of gene transfer technology is a very powerful tool to investigate the gene function and the expression of protein of a cell. Assay-based reporter technology, and with the availability of transfection reagents will actually give and provides the foundation necessary to study sequences of mammalian promoter and enhancer, the trans-acting proteins such as transcription factors, processing of mRNA, the interactions of different proteins, recombination, and translation events. In general, transfection is a method or protocol used to neutralize or obviate the issue of introducing the negatively charged molecules such as phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA into the negatively charged membrane of the cells. In addition, chemicals such as calcium phosphate and cationic lipid-based reagents that coat the DNA, neutralize or even creates an overall positive charge to the molecule is also used. This makes it easier for the DNA to transfection reagent complex to cross the said membrane, especially for lipids which has a fusogenic component that further enhances the fusion with the different lipid bilayer. Other methods such as physical methods like microinjection or electroporation have also been used that is simply punch through the membrane and will introduce DNA directly into the cytoplasm. In this study, they describe the striking feature of the healthy undifferentiated hES cells, which maintain Bax in its preactivated state at the Golgi that is in contrast to other cell types. The results also highlight the fact that the apoptotic machinery undergoes a dynamic change even if its an early stages of differentiation.

Occupation is the major determinant of both social class and status in industrial societies Essay

In our society today, it is argued if occupation is the major determinant of both social class and status in industrial societies. Occupation is defined as an individual’s regular work or profession, job or regular activity performed for payment that occupies one’s time. Occupation has been viewed both negatively and positively as the major determinant of both social class and status. Industrial societies are those driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Status and class are both supported by factors that influence occupation such as race, education, community size, family status, income of workers and measured intelligence. It is greatly supported that occupation is the major determinant of both social class and status in industrial societies, for example, if an individual is brought up either in a rich or poor family and becomes educated to an extent of achieving a higher national degree such as a P.H.D or a M.D. such an individual is bound to earn a higher status and class in a society. For instance, a neurosurgeon can achieve a higher status and class as they may be earning a higher income as compared to a general doctor at a local clinic situated in a local town. Another example may be that of a lecturer at a university and a teacher at a school, because a lecturer earns a higher salary as compared to a teacher his/her status is higher. Their level of education is also considered as the lecturer is usually more educated than a teacher, thus he/she earns higher prestige in an industrial society. Family status may also be another factor out of many which influences one’s status or class. Taking for example, if an individual was to be born into a wealthy and influential family, they would have attained an ascribed status which could turn out to be a great advantage in the industrial societies. The individual has a privilege of learning at a well facilitated expensive school and also attaining a high rank as a managing director or even the C.E.O in the family’s company or due to membership influence in another major company. This may result in one earning a higher status and class in the society. Occupation however, is sometimes not viewed as the major determinant of either social class or status as there are other factors like that of race amongst others. Race has always been a major factor of discrimination and segregation in societies, for example in Zimbabwe, during the liberation struggle black people were considered of being lower class, they occupied the lower class jobs, housings and many other underrated facilities as they were made to work for the white people who were their lords and only means of employment. This kind of unfair treatment brought the social class and status of black people down in the industrial societies, which therefore provides supporting evidence to Karl Marx’s conflict theory. Another example of racial discrimination still evident in most parts of the globe is that of employment opportunities, given a black man and a white man who just graduated from university with equal achievements and applied for a job vacancy at a major company. Th e white man is usually the first preference to the black man due to beliefs that whites are more superior, this kind of treatment surely lowers the status and class of blacks whilst raising that of the whites. Community size is another factor influencing one’s status and class. The greater the community size, the greater the prestige it holds. For example, a professional accountant working at a small bank at a growth point like Murombedzi growth point is bound to achieve a lower status and social class as compared to an equally qualified professional accountant working at a big company like Econet or NMB bank in a huge city. In this case it can be reasoned that the social class and status were not determined by occupation but by location and community size. With the above information, one can conclude that occupation is in fact the major determinant of both social class and status in an industrial society. However, despite the seemingly convincing contributions of occupation in determining the class and status, it must not be left out that there are also some factors other than occupation like community size and race which also determine an individual’s social class and status in industrial societies.

Integrated Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrated Business Communication - Essay Example y a certain level of clarity, efficiency as well as inspirations in order to ensure the compliance of the workers to their responsibilities (Campbell, 2014). This is associated to success. There are several communication issues that most executives always face in their careers. As a future executive, it is within my perception that some of the most important issues in communication that will be faced comprise of the issue of technology, listening, socio-cultural barriers or differences as well as attitude management. Moreover, some of the most important issues of communication may focus on authority or hierarchy problems as well as gender bias (Campbell, 2014). Failure to listen is always very crucial in business communication. This is because it can always derail the success and thereby result to big failures in the organization. This should be avoided in all situations through adopting the most effective ways of communication. Cultural and social differences can also present several challenges in communication within the organization. This is because the employees always come from different ethnic backgrounds (Campbell, 2014). The other important issue is the technology. Most workers may have inadequate knowledge on the operational skills necessary for certain technologies. This may be a big challenge to the future executives. Therefore, in order to resolve all these issues, it is important to me as a future executive to know some of the ways to employ o=in order to effectively approach and so lve these issues so as to realize success in the organization. As a future executive, delivering messages to the staff will be paramount. Communicating to the workers will be the most important thing to me as the executive. However, since the organization will comprise of several departments, hierarchical ranks as well as employees of various social statuses, it will be necessary to ensure that the message delivered, or the form of communication employed is friendly to all

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research project - Essay Example The report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015) also reveals that the US and China are among such nations that have a significant online market size. It is also notable that the UK, Japan, Germany, and France, are also among such nations, which have considerable online market size. A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015) in its report also suggests that Hong Kong, and Singapore, is among such nations that have a significant infrastructure, which largely contribute to the growth of e-commerce. The other nations including the US, UK, Japan, South Korea, Germany, France, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Netherlands, also have considerable development in infrastructure, which significantly contribute to the growth of e-commerce. In the report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015), the nations such as Denmark, the UK, Germany, South Korea, Hong Kong, Netherlands, and Sweden are considered to possess potential consumer behaviour, which has led to the growth of e-commerce in retail in such nations. It is also notable that the other nations such as the US, Japan, France, Belgium, Australia, Canada have considerable potentiality in consumer behaviour, which has led to the growth of e-commerce market in such nations. However, the report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015) also suggests that apart from China, and Venezuela, very few nations have considerable growth potential in e-commerce retail industry. The underneath tabular description represents the current scenario of e-commerce retail industry in some of the nations. According to the report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015), majority of the nations do not possess a considerable potentiality in e-commerce retail market. This is largely because of the fact that although the e-commerce retail market is growing positively in the global context, but it is in decreasing rate. It is only notable in China, Venezuela, and few other nations, where retail e-commerce market is growing at an increasing rate. The underneath graphical

Human Recourse Management and Personnel Issues Essay - 1

Human Recourse Management and Personnel Issues - Essay Example There are a number of occasions when assessment is done. Such as when a student is admitted into a high school, he is often required to take some test, likewise, during his educational, time to time, his educations is assessed under certain standards. Finally, when he wished to enter the professional life, there too, he is assessed for certain skills that the employer expects to be essentially present in an employee. Out of all these assessments, the pre-employment assessment is considered to be one of the crucial ones. This is so on the account of the fact that this test will enable him to enter into the professional life through the gate he wants. There is one complexity involved with the assessments. The complexity is that what factors should be tested in order to determine that who is the most deserving candidate is. This complexity is enhanced when it comes to the assessment for the recruitment. So far as the assessment for academic entry such as admission in masters is concerne d, it seems quite logical that you primarily test the academic skills and a bit of Intelligent Quotient etc. But, when we talk about employment, the purpose is to find the deserving candidate and what factors make a person a deserving candidate differs from person to person. From organization’s perspective too, it is also essential to filter the right person so as to make their organization run more effectively and efficiently.

HLTH 252 DB1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HLTH 252 DB1 - Essay Example In addition, most of the Americans have the believe that, legal drugs are less addictive and safer as compared to illicit drugs that translate to extensive use of such drugs regardless of their side effects (Perry, 2013). The American society promotes extensive use of drugs in many ways. First, various reality shows as well as extensive advertisements of such drugs give the viewers an impression that use of such drugs is safe. Moreover, peer pressure is another factor that encourages the youth in engaging into drug abuse. For example, there is extensive use of drugs in various high school parties across the country regardless of the strict regulation by the government. Most of the legal drugs such as alcohol, cigarettes and the prescription drugs are easily available in the streets making it easy for majority of the Americans to access them. Availability of different social classes in the society enhances extensive use of drugs since most of the individuals in the society tend to abuse drugs in order to fit in such social groups (Brick, 2013) Biological theory of addition dictates that, continued use of a given substance by the individual results in addition. The theory explains that, introducing a given substance in the body results in overreliance, which limits their chances of withdrawal. On the other hand, sociological theory explains addition based on social influence. For example, the extensive use of drugs by an individual in order to fit in certain groups in the society results in addition. Psychological theory expounds addition based on the individual’s anxiety, as a result, of the use of the drug. The theory recognizes external and the internal factors in addition to emotional experiences that contributes to addiction (Brick, 2013). The psychological theory argues that, individuals result to drug abuse in order to adapt to particular needs as well as external pressures. The best theory that explains drug abuse is

Academic Cheating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic Cheating - Essay Example Students are adept and exam cheating methods are dynamic and this fact reduces the chances of catching students cheating. Exam administrators prefer to discourage exam cheating by severe punishment and proactively, positively altering student’s idea of cheating in exam. Cheating is a desperate move that results from desperation and luck of confidence in one self. It does not however guarantee success. Loyola Marymount University like many other academic institutions have set up systems and procedures of dealing with academic dishonest. Punishment if found guilty depend on severity of the violation of examination codes and extenuating circumstances. Such Punishment may include cancelation of exam, suspension and expulsion. Server punishment when caught, still show how important passing exam is. Education should not be about passing exam, there would be no difference anyway between those who cheated and those who passed the paper honestly. Education should be learning. It is evident; cheating in exam cheating is a moral behavior that is triggered by luck of confidence in one’s self, and probably pressure from parents and teachers. Exam should test skills that are useful at work place or in contemporary life. It is not sufficient to condemn our academic system by looking at what it has done to our society (where those failing exam and dropping out of college employ those who pass and graduate). Students should be at the center of anti-cheating policies and results of exams should not be allowed to be the basis of discrimination and scale if it should determine whether a student is graduating or not. Habit of honest should be built. The academic community should therefore shift there focus from creating anti-cheating policies to addressing the cause of cheating. McCabe, Trevino and Kenneth found that students not only develop academic dishonest be observing peers but also actively learn how to

Issue in my community (I live in Mecklenburg County which is in Case Study

Issue in my community (I live in Mecklenburg County which is in Charlotte, NC) - Case Study Example Unemployment occurs when people who are willing and able to work cannot find jobs appropriate to their level of expertise. This issue is highly prevalent in this community. In January 2012, the unemployment rate was 9.8%, which was less than the previous month but is still greater than the state-wide average which was 9.5%. As a result of this issue of unemployment, the citizens of Mecklenburg are forced to seek help even for basic survival. They need help even for basic necessities like food, housing, clothing etc. The unemployment rate rose from 9% in April to 9.6%in May2012 (Charlotte Business Journal, Web). This increase can has serious implications for the community as a whole. People who are unemployed look for other ways to earn income due to which the crime rate might also increase. It is really important to find the causes of this increase in unemployment in order to solve the issue completely. One of the major reasons of high unemployment is the lack of educational opportun ities for the citizens of Mecklenburg County. The leaders of the country should introduce reforms so that equal educational opportunities are given to all the citizens. Quality education is extremely important for the future of a country as the children who are educated today will be the leaders of the country tomorrow. ... Due to unemployment and illiteracy, people get involved in illegal activities and as a result, the crime rate of the country also rises. As a result of these criminal records, people find it even harder to get jobs as employers do background checks to ensure the credibility of the employee or applicant. This further increases the unemployment and affects the entire country as a whole. The people of Mecklenburg County also suffer because of lower employment opportunities available in their market. The government needs to attract foreign businesses to set up in this country which will create more employment opportunities and will benefit the citizens. This will also increase the career choices available for the youth of this country. As a result of these greater employment opportunities, the unemployed citizens will be able to will be able to support their families and the overall unemployment rates of the country would also fall. Unemployment has other disadvantages as well which affe ct the citizens as well as the entire nation as a whole. One of these is the unemployment benefits that these people would receive from the government. As a result of this, the working population would have to pay more for the rising cost of these benefits and more burdens would be placed on them. Another disadvantage is that the government might reduce its public spending such as on schools, healthcare etc. In the long run, this would result in fewer jobs and a higher unemployment rate. In economic terms, unemployed labor of Mecklenburg County is a waste of its resources as total output falls and the tax revenue also falls. The tax revenue paid for

Happiness Interviews and Happiness Analyzed Essay Example for Free

Happiness Interviews and Happiness Analyzed Essay The first person I interviewed was my mom, Shirley. The reason I chose her is because she is 83 years old and raised seven kids during the early part of the Cold War. She has been married twice, she been broke then been comfortable but not wealthy, and she has seen her share of health problems. For my second interview, I chose a new co-worker named Doug. He is a 21 year old, homosexual, single father. While he does work to pay bills, he grew up in a family with money and usually gets what he asks for. He has never experienced a traumatic event such as a death in the family, serious health conditions, or hard financial times. He is the exact opposite of my mother, making him a perfect comparison. Interview with Shirley Question: What does Happiness mean to you? Response: Well, to me happiness is just being content with life. Bills paid with a little money in my pocketbook, time to relax, and spending time with people I love. Question: Has this always been your definition of Happiness? Why or why not? Response: No, of course not. When I married at 17, I thought happiness was being married and raising a family. However, being as it was just after WWII, birth control was out of my control, and as time went on, my husband failed to work, and the burden of taking care of 7 children on government funds and part-time bartending was almost too much. Happiness had fleeted from my life. My marriage ended after my eighth child died a day after birth and I had a hysterectomy. My husband felt that I was no longer a woman and filed for divorce and custody of our kids. After the divorce, my oldest son left for the Navy and my younger kids had been ordered to life with their father, I was miserable. Finally, I began working full-time, and found happiness within myself. Things got even better when I met your dad. Having a loving husband and a job I loved, I thought I had it all. I had no idea that 7 years after we married, we would get the chance to adopt you, completing the circle. Life was complete and I had never been happier. Question: What was your definition of happiness then? Response: Happiness was staying home and raising you while your dad worked and made enough for us to pay the bills and not be broke, and our family time on the weekend with no worries just each other. Question: After suffering from a life-threatening heart condition leading to open-heart surgery and almost losing your husband to a heart attack, did happiness take on a new meaning? Response: Of course. Now happiness is living one more day to see my wonderful husband, my daughter, and my precious granddaughter. Without that, life would be unbearable. Happiness is also knowing that those you love are happy and satisfied with their lives. Question: Do you think your opinion of happiness will change in the future? Response: Not likely, I mean I am 83 years old. Not much about me is gonna change at this point in my life. (S. Burkhert, personal communication, March 23, 2012) Interview with Doug Question: What does Happiness mean to you? Response: Happiness is doing what I want when I want, not answering to anyone, and having enough money to do whatever. It’s about being comfortable with whom I am as a gay man with a daughter and as a young adult with so many things I want to do. Question: Does it affect your happiness if your actions cause someone else sadness or pain? What about your daughter’s happiness. Response: No, I don’t really care about other people.  I care about me first and if it makes my daughter happy too, then it’s a bonus. I get what I want because if I’m unhappy, nobody’s happy. Question: Have you always been that greedy about your happiness? Response: Yeah, pretty much. Question: Don’t you think everyone has the right to be happy? Response: Sure, as long as it doesn’t affect me. (D. Pittman, personal communication, March 26, 2012) Happiness Analyzed Dawn Burkhert HU300 – Arts and Humanities Kaplan University In The Art of Being Human, Aristippus defined happiness as the sum of total pleasures experienced during one’s lifetime. However, after interviewing two totally different people, reading Chapter 7 in The Art of Being Human, and analyzing my own thoughts about happiness, I do not believe Aristippus’ definition to be accurate. To some, it’s about raising a family and enjoying life’s little moments, to others it’s about personal happiness at any cost, and to a few it is about doing good deeds for other people. Happiness can be fleeting or ever-lasting, can be spiritually influenced or materialistic. For every person, happiness takes on a different meaning. During the first interview with my 83 year old mom, Shirley, family was a key ingredient to her happiness. She was raised to believe in marriage and large families, as well as never putting herself first. Her happiness lies within knowing that she is making her family happy and spending time with her loved ones. She never asks for much, but always gives more than anyone could ever ask. Acts of such selflessness are not as plentiful as in her days, post the Great Depression and during the Cold War. On the other side of the coin, Doug, my second interview is very much the believer is selfish happiness. He feels that his happiness lies with him getting what he wants, when he wants, and without regard to others. As a 21 year old single man, Doug feels that he must always be happy before he can make his daughter happy. He said he would break a promise to his daughter in a heartbeat to do or get something he wanted. He stated that his happiness should come before all others. He has little consideration for others and could care less about other people’s opinions. This seems to be a destructive attitude to have, especially since we will not always get what we want, when we want, or how we want. As for me, I think that happiness should be both about ourselves and those surrounding us. Without happiness, we are nothing more than God-made robots. We were made to feel empathy, sympathy, joy, sadness and other sordid emotions. Happiness is supposed to be the most cherished of emotions according to the emotional state theory of happiness (http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/happiness/). Of all theories of happiness I have researched through the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, I agree the most with the life satisfaction theory. This theory states that happiness is a positive outlook on a person’s whole life not just a few selected events. The life satisfaction theory is the most applicable of theories I think because it tells us not to pick and choose which events in our life brought us happiness or which we would like to forget. It lends itself to the idea that regret of past events or bitter feelings of things we cannot change is not acceptable†¦be happy with who and what you are regardless of your situation and others’ opinions. That describes me so well and I think everyone should feel this way. Happiness is a wonderful feeling, no matter what it is that makes us feel this emotion. I doubt there will ever be a universal opinion of what happiness really is, what it constitutes, and what brings it to us. Some people are happiest while serving others, some while being served, and others are content just being alone. Regardless of how we obtain happiness, we all deserve happiness.

Hong Kong Proposal Essay Example for Free

Hong Kong Proposal Essay INTRODUCTION and BRIEF BACKGROUND Hong Kong was a Crown Colony of the United Kingdom from 1842 to 1997, when it was returned to the People’s Republic of China.  Ã‚   This handover of Hong Kong back to China is supported by two governing laws: the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Hong Kong. Both laws uphold the policy of â€Å"one country, two systems,† which requires that Hong Kong will operate on its own until 2047, which is fifty years after its reversion back to China.    This means that the Central People’s Government will be responsible for the strategic defense and foreign affairs of Hong Kong while Hong Kong will retain control over its legal system, police force, monetary system, and policies on customs, immigration and delegates to various international organizations and events. The return of Hong Kong to China was received with different reactions both from its own citizens and from the international scene.   As to any situation, there are always two sides to a coin: the advantages and disadvantages of the Hong Kong handover.   This paper will present the positive and negative effects of the handover on the political, social, cultural and economic spheres of Hong Kong between 1997 and 2002.   The conclusion will deal with POLITICAL SCENE There were growing concerns with regard to the integration of a democratic system of government into the political culture of Hong Kong.   The international sphere remained skeptic about the effectiveness of democracy in Hong Kong and the number of local supporters have then declined as well. These concerns are mainly caused by the failure to solve domestic problems through democratic means and the inability of various democratic factions to come up with enticing operations to attract more supporters.   It is submitted that if the foundations of democracy cannot be held strongly by its political advocates, then democracy in Hong Kong may be even more difficult as expected, if not impossible at all. Tied with the difficulty of evolving into a democratic system is the challenge to have an independent judicial system.   There has been a loss of faith in the judicial system of Hong Kong with the rampant overruling of the decisions of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong by the courts of Mainland China.   Such loss of faith leads to the loss of credibility of the Hong Kong judicial system, which worries the locals and some international organizations. HUMAN RIGHTS The term â€Å"human rights† is not limited to rights against self-incrimination, warrantless arrests, searches and seizures.   The term â€Å"human rights† includes freedom of speech and of the press.   Although human rights is highly regarded by Hong Kong, its local policies and practices cause   its own decline. The government of Hong Kong is so high strung on preventing factors that may cause social instability that it already contributes to the unprotection of human rights within its territory.   There had been reports of arrests of overstaying citizens of Mainland China, and the arrests of people who are campaigning for various social, economic and political issues by using the Public Order Ordinance to clothe such arrests with a faint tint of legality. There has also been the censorship of the media, whether by the government or by themselves, often called â€Å"self-censorship.†Ã‚   Media practitioners are so wary about overstepping the boundaries of local news that they, themselves, censor their own news on political affairs so as not to offend or stir any commotion with the leaders of the Mainland. ECONOMIC The handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 was actually twinned with the great Asian Financial Crisis.   And the handover did not improve the economic situation of Hong Kong during the said crisis.   Despite the recovery of EU-US relations, improvement of the Mainland economy, and high-valued activities, there is still an increasing unemployment rate.   And this unemployment rate has been present even prior to the handover of Hong Kong to China.   It seems that there is little change in the economic life of Hong Kong. SOCIAL It cannot be discounted that for over a century, Hong Kong was influenced more by the British than by their Mainland people.   This is due to the obvious fact that Hong Kong was run by the British and not by the Chinese.   But since the handover, official visits of Mainland officials to Hong Kong paved way for a greater integration for both societies. Even the adoption of Mainland of development plans, which, in great part, includes Hong Kong has caused an opening of good relationships between the two.   Moreover, the loosening of travel restrictions allowed Mainland citizens to explore Hong Kong, and vice versa, so as to realize that there is no more British barrier and that they are all just from one culture.   It must be noted that apart from Mainland China, Hong Kong is building ties with Taiwan as well. CONCLUSION It’s been almost ten years since the reversion of Hong Kong back to China and with the fifty-year program of â€Å"one country, two systems,† it is quite early to tell whether or not the reversion is purely advantageous or disadvantageous to Hong Kong, and to China as well.

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme on Balance Score

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme on Balance Score This chapter deals with the summary and conclusion made from present study. It clarifies the limitations of the study, implications and recommendations given for various areas in nursing practice, nursing education, administration and research. The primary purpose of the intervention is to improve the balance score among elderly people in the age group of 60-80 years. DISCUSSION The present study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on balance score among elderly people. One group pretest post test (preexperimental design) was adopted for this study. The sample size was 30.All the 30 subjects were participated in the study. On probability purposive sampling was used to select the samples. The researcher conducted the study to assess whether there is any difference in balance score among elderly after the exercise programme. Based on the objectives and hypothesis of the study data were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Demographic description of the subjects. According to the age group in the 4groups, majority of the subjects were in the age group of both (71-75) and (76-80) years that were about 30%.23.30% of the subjects belongs to the age group between (60-65)years,16.60% of the subjects were between (66-70) years. Clinical description of the subjects 43.33% of subjects had chronic diseases, 23.30% of subjects were taking medication regularly. The first objective was to assess the balance score among elderly. The berg balance scale shows, the distribution of subjects according to pretest score 36.6% were poor in balance and 63.33% were good in balance. 22.3 were the pretest mean score. Shkuratova,N. et al.,(2004) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of aging on balance control during walking. The study was conducted in gait laboratory in Australia. The design used was two group repeated measures design. Convenient sample of 20 healthy older adults and 20 young subjects were participated. The outcome measures used were gait speed, stride length and double –limb support duration by using foot witch system. Significant interaction between age and balance were measured by ANOVA. By conclusion, the author says that, balance strategies are specific and vary according to age and dual task conditions. Older adults walked more slowly as compared to younger people when turning or performing secondary tasks. Evaluate the effectiveness of exercise programme in improving balance score among elderly. The comparison between the balance score before and after the exercise programme was statistically evaluated by using paired t test.The mean pretest score was 22.3and mean post test score was 39.5.The obtained paired t value was 18.49 which is greater than the table value and it was significant at p Tony pigford et al., (2010) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of balance training programme on balance control among elderly people with balance impairments. The design used for this study was pre experimental case design. An elderly patient with recent history of falls involved in this study, in subjects who underwent 2 weeks of balance training programme in the form of balance exercises. Pretest and post test outcome measures were recorded by using berg balance scale and activity-specific Balance. In BBS score, the score was increased by 12 points as compaired to pretest. The authors concluded that, the patient shows improvements in balance outcome measures after the exercise programme. Associate the balance scores with selected demographic and clinical variables. The association of balance score using ANOVA with selected demographic and clinical variables shows that, ´F ´ value for age was .865 and there value were not significant at any level. Hence there is no significant association exit between the balance score and the demographic variable. The association of balance score using t test with selected demographic and clinical variables shows that, the calculated ‘t’ value for education,maritalstatus,chronicdiseases,and use of medications were .929,1.357,1.829 and.392 respectively. These values were not significant at any level and there is no significant association exit between the balance scores and demographic and clinical variables. SUMMARY The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on balance score among elderly. It was conducted in St. Thomas old age home at Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore for which the following objectives were formulated. Assess the balance scores among elderly. Evaluate the effectiveness of exercise programme in improving balance scores among elderly. Associate the balance scores with selected demographic and clinical variables. The exercise programme selected as independent variable and significant changes in balance among elderly were considered as dependent variable for this study. The study tested the objectives and hypothesis and there was a highly significant difference in pre and posttest balance scores in subjects who underwent exercise programme. One group pretest post test pre-experimental design was adopted for this study. The sample comprises of total 30 elderly people in the age group of 60-80 years. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. The tool for data collection consists of the demographic and clinical variables of elderly people, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to assess the balance scores among elderly people during the pre and post test. The study was conducted in St. Thomas old age home at Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore. After the pretest, the researcher involved the study subjects in the exercise programme to improve the balance. Based on the hypothesis and objectives, data were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics to document the effectiveness of exercise programme on balance score among elderly. The exercise programme had a significant effect in improving the balance scores, which was assessed through post test.The present study tested and proved the hypothesis MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The pretest and post test results showed that exercise programme helps to improve the balance scores among elderly. It was an effective intervention to decrease the balance problems among elderly. The calculated mean pretest balance score of elderly was 22.3 and post test balance score was 39.5 In the pretest, 36.6% of elderly people were in poor balance score and 63.33% were in good balance score. In the post test, 50% of elderly people were in good balance score and 50% were in excellent balance score. The obtained paired t test value for balance score was 18.490, which is greater than the table value and was highly significant at (p The association of balance scores with age using ANOVA reveals that the calculated ‘F’ value was .865 and it was statistically not significant at any level, there was no association exit with the balance score and demographic variable. Test with balance score and selected variables had no association. CONCLUSION The following conclusions were drawn from the study. Based on statistical analysis, formulated hypothesis is accepted and evidence supports that, there is a significant improvement in balance scores among elderly after exercise programme. So, exercise programme is an effective intervention in improving the balance score among elderly. IMPLICATIONS Older adults are more prone to get injuries due to physiological and psychological changes, so nurses have an important role to take care of elderly. Fall related injuries are most common among older adults, So effective intervention is necessary for the proper management. NURSING PRACTICE Nursing staffs can explain about the exercise programme, to the older adults and to the family members. Implication of this intervention will develop awareness in staff nurses to take adequate safety measures while taking care of elderly. NURSING EDUCATION Nursing students can learn the different types of balance exercises with the findings of the study and also they can assess the balance impairments among elderly in a good manner. Nurse educators can arrange simulation classes on balance exercise programmes to teach about the types of exercises. NURSING ADMINISTRATION Nursing administrator can teach the staff nurses regarding exercise for elderly, thereby improving standard of nursing care. Nurse administrator, can encourage the staff nurses, to teach the patients about exercises programme. Nurse administrator can conduct in-service education regarding exercise programme. Nurse administrator can make guidelines for exercise programme especially in case of elderly. NURSING RESEARCH The present study provides support to the further studies. The study, favours for evidence based practice. The results of this study can disseminate through the conferences, seminars publication in national and international journals. LIMITATIONS Numbers of samples were limited to 30. The study was limited to females. The study was limited to single setting RECOMMENDATIONS A comparative study can be done with control group. A longitudinal study can be done with large sample size. A quasi-experimental study can be done with more types of exercises. ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on balance score among elderly people. The study was undertaken by RegNo: 301210453 during the year (2013-2014) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in nursing at KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. Objectives of the study was to assess the balance scores among old age people in the age group of 60-80 years,determine the effectiveness of exercise programme in improving balance scores among elderly, identify the association between the balance scores with selected demographic and clinical variables. The study was conducted in St. Thomas old age home, at Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore. Conceptual frame work adopted for this study was based on Ernestine, Wiedenbach’s theory (1970). The research design used for this study was one group pretest post test design. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples and the sample size of the study was 30. Pretest balance score of the study subjects were collected using a standardized scale (berg balance scale) from elderly in the age group of 60-80 years who were staying in St. Thomas old age home at Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore. Then study subjects were given, the recommended exercise programme and the post test score was done at the end of the intervention. The findings of the study revealed that exerciseprogramme was effective to improve the balance scores among elderly.

Living Life Like The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Living Life Like The Great Gatsby    Imagine that you live in the nineteen twenties, and that you are a very wealthy man that lives by himself in a manchine, on a lake and who throws parties every weekend.   This is just the beginning of   how to explain the way Jay Gatsby lived his life.   This novel, by F. Scott, Fitzgerald   is one that is very deep in thought.   Fitzgerald releases little clues along the way of the novel   that will be crusual to understand the ending.   For instance, he makes the blue coupe a very important clue, as well as the Dr. T. J. Eckleburg eyes on the billboard that Mr. Wilson (the gas station attendant ) refers to as the eyes of god.   There are also other little things that relate to the reason of gatsby's death.   The main character's of this novel each have their part to do with the ending, Nick Caraway is probably the main character of this novel, as he comes down from New Jersey to new York to visit his cousin Daisy, who is married to Tom Buchannan.   These are some of the incidents that are included in the novel as   you will read further I will relate some issues of the novel, as well as other critics have included their views on The Great Gatsby.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   F. Scott, Fitsgerald   was an American short story writer and novelist famous for his depictions of the Jazz Age(the 1920's), his most brilliant novel work being The Great Gatsby(1925). He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota on sept. 24, 1896   and died in Hollywood, California on December 21, 1940.   His private life, with his wife, Zelda, in both America and France, became almost as celebrated as his novels.   Fitsgerald was the only son of an aristocrat father, who was the author of the star spangle banner.   Fitzgerald spent most of time with his wife, latter in their relationship they moved to france where he began to write his most brilliant novel, The Great Gatsby.   All of his divided nature is in this novel, the native midwestener afir with the possibilities of   every Americans dream in it's hero, Jay Gatsby, and the compassionate princeton gentlemen in it's narrator, Nick Carraway.   The Great Gatsby is the most

Tourettes Syndrome and the :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Tourette's Syndrome and the "I" Function Tourette's syndrome is characterized by a presentation of verbal and motor tics. The first descriptions of the syndrome, involving symptoms similar to Tourette's, were reported in the nineteenth century. For most of the twentieth century TS was thought to be a psychiatric disorder because of the ability the patients had to suppress their tics. In the past twenty years more biological factors have been introduced in the study of the syndrome, arising from the use of pharmacological treatment and the discovery of hereditary patterns of the disorder. In the diagnosis of Tourette's Syndrome the concept of involuntary tics has become hard to define. Many patients experience a volitional aspect of the tics, "a capitulation to an internal urge for motor discharge accompanied by psychological tension and anxiety Patients who are afflicted with Tourette's syndrome can only describe their symptoms by using terms associated with the "I" function, the consciousness of self and relation to one's environment, and many of their symptoms are associated with or affect the function of their self. This can imply that what ever is causing the symptoms of Tourette's is subsequently affecting the part of the nervous system that controls the self and the "I" function. Most of the studies done on the neuropathology of Tourette's syndrome (TS) have been focus on the basal ganglia, a group of nuclei located mostly in the diencephelon of the brain, a region beneath the cortex. This area has been classically associated with involuntary movement and tic disorders such as Parkinson and Huntington's disease. The neural circuits formed by the basal ganglia and the thalamus are critical for normal function and hypothesized to be required for the planning of movement ranging from simple to complex. Though what these pathways actually do is still very vague the basal ganglia has been found, in normal circumstances, to exert an inhibitory influence on the thalamus. Disruption of this inhibition could correspond with TS in which the making of uncontrolled and unplanned movements are involve. There is evidence that patients with Tourette's syndrome have some structural abnormalities in the region of the basal ganglia, mainly TS patients showed a comparative size reduction in the basal ganglia. There are various different behaviors through which Tourette's syndrome presents itself. The diagnostic categories of TS depend on the presence of tics, alone, although patients with Tourette may have mental or behavioral disorders, which over shadow the severity or impairment on normal function of the tics.

Youth Justice Policy in Britain (1945-1981) †from Punishment to Welfare

Introduction The discussion of the youth justice policy in Britain has re-gained importance in the aftermath of the August 2011 riots, which spread across London and other major cities in the country. Think tank analysts and policy experts argued, that the youths which allegedly took part in the riots, were disillusioned and de-motivated young people from broken homes (Politics UK, 2011). The deep societal problem behind youth engagement in the London riots raised the question about the efficacy of the youth justice system in Britain, and debates about its institutional reform permeated the political discourse. After the gruesome murder of James Bulger in 1993 by two ten-year old boys the public and policy-makers became convinced, that only a general policy reform of the youth justice system is not sufficient. Rather a reform of specific sectors such as the ones dealing with anti-social behaviour and gang crime was much more urgent (Guardian, 2011). The purpose of this short essay is to critically review the different phases in the development of the youth justice system from the 1940s to 1981. Based on the conclusions, in the final section recommendations for policy reform will be made. Research question The purpose of this essay is to critically approach the different stages in the evolution of the youth justice policy in Britain. Based on this observation, the paper will provide an assessment of how the system has evolved and what the main trends in its transformation are. For clarity the author has decided to separate the observations in the following stages – from punishment to welfare, young offenders enter the community, and the strengthening of the Intermediate Treatment. Each one of them will be critically analysed in the following sections. The youth justice system in Britain: a review Before we proceed with the examination of the main developments in the youth justice system in the set period, it is important to provide a brief overview of the main components and structures of this system. Similarly to other types of youth justice systems, the British one inclines towards prevention, rather then retribution (Bottoms & Dignan, 2004). Bottoms and Dignan (2004) refer to the British youth justice system as a correctionalist and committed to the prevention of committing offences. The idea of the correctionalist system implies stronger intervention on behalf of the state, as opposed to earlier views such as letting young offenders grow out of the crime. This characteristic trend, experts argue, reflects a much more complex and multi-level approach to dealing with youth crime, involving different elements such as parents and agency teams. The trend has been accompanied with an intensive institutional reform, such as the introduction of the semi-independent body of the Youth Justice Board with the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act (Community Care, 2010). In the years to follow, there has been a trend for the unification of all activities related with youth justice under the umbrella of a single department – the Ministry of Justice, in order to create accountability and higher levels of responsibility in one of the most important and problematic policy areas in Britain. The 1940s – from punishment to welfare It is now clear that society’s views on crime change over time and are susceptible to historical and social conditions. The youth justice system in Britain is an example of the transformation of the concepts of crime and offender in social and political terms. Therefore the way young criminals have been treated by the criminal justice system has been a subject of reform throughout the years. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, perhaps one of the most important developments in the youth justice system is that a line between children and adult offenders was finally drawn. For the first time in the early 30s and 40s, the courts were obliged to consider the welfare of the child (Thorpe et. al, 1980). This marked a significant transformation of the whole justice system, because it determined a different role of the courts, related not only with taking punitive action, but also correction and care for the young offenders. It is now clear that the transformation from punishment to welfare has been later underpinned in another important document – the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Youth Justice Board, 2008). As the later stages of the British youth justice system demonstrate, the latter has always been responsive to the developments, taking place in the field of human rights at any particular time. The 1960s – young offenders and the community The trend towards welferism which started in the early 1930s continued in the next several decades, and had its peak in the 1960s, when a special legislation, concerned with the social integration and correction of the young offenders was passed (Youth Justice Board, 2008: Thorpe et. al, 1980). In 1969 the Labour government passed a legislation to introduce a revised youth justice system, based on welfare principles and reformation of criminals (Thorpe et. al, 1980). The 1969 Children and Young Persons Act emphasized the role of the community as the environment, which would play a major role in the social integration of those who committed offences. The act also established the so-called â€Å"halfway house† which was the middle way between being subject to a Supervision Order (which requires minimum contact between supervisor and young person) and being taken into care (Youth Justice Board, 2008; Children and Young Persons Act, 1969). This new establishment came to be defined as Intermediate Treatment (IT) and according to some observers was the foundation of the modern youth justice system. Another intended development of this period, which however, did not come to fruition, was the attempt to increase the age of criminal responsibility from 10 to 14 years. Prior to the 1969 Act, the criminal responsibility age was only 8 years (Thorpe, et.al, 1980). The developments which took place between the 1940s and the late 1960s are a result of the rise of the welfare state in Britain and the rest of Europe. A major historical and sociological trend, the rise of the welfare state, which affected almost all policy sectors, was provoked by the advent of capitalism and consumerism, which according to social historians, exacerbated the class divisions in British society (Greenaway et. al, 1992). The youth justice system was no exception of this trend, and the establishments of the 1969 Act were a signifier of the fusion between community and policy. Youth crime was no longer a detached criminal activity for which only courts had responsibility – in the late 1960s it became a priority for the whole of the British society. The 1970s and 1980s – the strengthening of the Intermediate Treatment This decade was marked by persistence in the community-based treatment of young offenders. The role of community remained strong, and some judicial changes, such as the inclusion of â€Å"specified activities† in the Intermediate Treatment occurred. These were used to persuade magistrates to use communal sentences, instead of custodial sentences (Youth Justice Board, 2008). In this sense, the young offenders were made to participate in the welfare of the community as part of their correction process. In the light of these developments, it is interesting to notice that the connection between the community and young offenders remained twofold – young offenders were still treated as part of society, despite their violations. At the same time they were expected to contribute to its development. In its turn, society was to participate in their rehabilitation and integration in the post-offence stage. This is an important characteristics of the British youth justice system, because it reveals two things – that there is no positive connection between decreased custody and the level of youth offences, and that the British society took a middle stance between two types of justice – restorative justice, focusing on repairing the harms, resulting from the offence, and retributive justice, which relates to facing the consequences of the punishm ent imposed. This middle stance was about to change in the 1990s, when the cruel murder of two-year old James Bulger by two ten-year old boys was to push back the youth justice system towards punitive actions. Conclusion and recommendations This essay has attempted to critically examine the main stages in the development of the British youth system between 1945 and 1981. Two major developments have been discussed – the transition towards welferism and the steps towards correction, rather than punishment and custodial action. The role of the society has remained significant, and despite the developments of the early 1990s, the re-integration of young offenders has remained on the agenda. After the murder of James Bulger in 1993, public attention was once more shifted towards the reform of the youth justice system, and more specifically against the prevention of offending and re-offending, rather than mending the consequences of it. Therefore it is important that government efforts targeted towards bringing all the institutions involved in the British youth system under a coordinated scheme of action. Different units such as social workers, community volunteers, the police and those involved in education are to work together through enhanced dialogue. This means that the sectoralism in the criminal justice system needs to be reduced, and replaced with harmonization of efforts of different actors on all levels. This would ensure a holistic, rather than sectionalized approach to solving issues, related with youth crime in Britain. Bibliography: Bottoms, A. & Dignan, J. (2004) â€Å"Youth Justice in Great Britain†, Crime and Justice, Vol. 31 Children and Young Persons Act (1969), 22 October, The National Archives, Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/54 Retrieved 03.03.2012 Community Care (2010) â€Å"Ministry of Justice to take control of Youth Justice Board†, 20th May, Thursday, Available at: http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/20/05/2010/114543/ministry-of-justice-to-take-control-of-youth-justice-board.htm Retrieved 03.03.2012 Greenaway, J.R., Smith, S. & Street, J. (1992) Deciding Factors in British Politics, London: Routledge ch. 2 pp. 29-39, ch 3. Guardian (2011) â€Å"What next for youth policy†?, August, 25, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/public-leaders-network/blog/2011/aug/25/tony-blair-youth-policy-intervention-reform Retrieved 03.03.2012 Politics UK (2011) â€Å"Comment: What is causing the riots in London?, Nick Cowen, Monday, 8th of August, Available at: http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2011/08/08/comment-what-is-causing-the-riots-in-london Retrieved 03.03.2012 Thorpe, D.H, Smith, D., Green, C.J, & Paley, J.H (1980) Out of Care: The Community Support of Juvenile Offenders Allen and Unwin Youth Justice Board (2008) â€Å"A Brief History of the Youth Justice System†, Available at: http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/5193/YJ_k523_1/sco.htm Retrieved 03.03.2012

Canadian literature Essay

The very popular Canadian literature, The Lamp at Noon by Sinclair Ross, simply mirrors the reality scenario of couple or to any people who lacks of understanding and communication that oftentimes lead to tragic and unresolved problems. There are many factors to figure out the root in defining one’s role in society, such as the time period, the beliefs one holds, the setting in which one domesticates their life and more. Just like in the story, the time and the setting that the story takes place define the roles that the characters take on in the stories, and become central to the conflicts in many of the various relationships. The man in the story set up emotional barriers that the woman dare not overstep, in order to retain woman’s position as the simple housewife. The conflicts between the partners in the various relationships seem to suggest author’s view to the roles defined by society for men and women. To further understand and appreciate the story; the elements are dissected from characters, plot, theme, setting and to point of views. The imagery in the story is developed in non-human elements such as the natural environment, animals, and inanimate objects which are brought to life with characteristics that match those of the characters involved. These influence and reflect the emotions of the characters in the story The Lamp at Noon. The wind is a powerful force that changes with the emotions of Ellen and Paul. Sinclair describes the wind as two separate winds: â€Å"the wind in flight and the wind that pursues, Ellen cannot escape her isolation. The wind in flight always returns to â€Å"quake among the feeble eaves, as if in this entire dust-mad wilderness it knew no other sanctuary† . Ellen is also forced to seek refuge within her small home, which is also the place where she feels the most secluded; the wind outside often contrasts the silence that is encased inside. During an argument between Paul and Ellen, there is an uncomfortable silence as described â€Å"a deep fastness of it enclosed by rushing wind and creaking walls â€Å"This noise around them makes the silence within even more uncomfortable. Paul later finds the silence comforting when he is in the stable. It is described as a â€Å"deep hollow calm within, a vast darkness engulfed beneath the tides of moaning wind†. The silence protects him and brings him relief from the dangerous world outside. Unfortunately, the walls seem to weaken against the powerful wind, and â€Å"instead of release or escape from the assaulting wind, the walls are but a feeble stand against it†. Paul begins to understand what Ellen is feeling, and the wind screams like Ellen’s cries. As he thinks of ways to restore the land and make Ellen happy, the wind starts to slacken. For a short moment, he feels relief. When he returns to the house, he realizes that Ellen is gone. At this point, the wind whimpers and moans as if it knows Ellen’s isolation and Paul’s despair. The imagery of the wind is used by Sinclair to intensify the characters’ emotions and help the reader understand what the characters are experiencing. The lamp is another significant image in this story because it shows that this particular storm is different from the countless others. The act of lighting the lamp at noon tells that this storm is serious. Paul calls it â€Å"the worst wind yet† and says that he â€Å"had to light the lantern in the shed, too â€Å"The lamp also sets the mood between Ellen and Paul and gives us insight into their characters. â€Å"The lamp between them throws strong lights and shadows on their faces†. They look at the appearance of age that these lights and shadows emphasize in both of them. Paul’s effacement of youth gives him â€Å"sternness, an impassive courage†. He is content because the cost of his youth is worth â€Å"the fulfillment of his inmost and essential nature†. Ellen, however, has not gained anything in return for the cost of her youth. She has â€Å"the face of a woman that has aged without maturing† in the way that Paul has matured. The lamp creates tension between them during their argument. â€Å"It seems the yellow lamplight casts a hush upon them†. The light of the lamp causes the walls to recede, dim and come again, as a parallel to their continuing argument that keeps returning after never being fully resolved. When Paul returns to the house to find Ellen missing, he notices that the lamp has been blown out. The blown-out lamp signifies the death of the child and the end of their dreams for the future. The child was gone and so their future. The story anchors the theme of loneliness, isolation and survival. It particularly focuses on the insanity of the character of Ellen and the reasons for her becoming insane during the story. The relationship between Ellen and Paul plays out another story, that of the poor man who marries a rich wife. The chip on his shoulder and foolish pride prevent him from listening to his wife and acknowledging when it is time to change, to move on, and to put aside his pride to save his marriage and family. Ellen is the traditional wife, needing her husband, but locked in the rules of marriage and staying at the farm even though she knows she should leave to save her baby. Yet she stays and the baby dies. The guilt and shame of that decision and the isolation ultimately cause her insanity. † â€Å"The Lamp at Noon† would almost be classified as a suspense story, due to the factor of whether or not the crops will return. Also an unquestionably melodramatic tone, when the wife, Ellen, realizes having hope in her husband would be worthless. Ellen also realizes that, with or without her husband, Paul, she is doomed to suffering. Especially in the quarrel in the house, feelings of hopelessness and emptiness surround the ill-fated couple. These are the feelings that surrounded many farm families in the depression, so it is quite believable that this farm couple would be going through this turmoil. Paul, the husband, attempts to convince his wife that there is hope for him yet, although one could make the argument that he was lying to himself. He wants to assure his wife, as well as convince himself. It is the feeling of desperation and bleakness that intermingles with the words to create an accurate picture of the pairs’ lives. The depression was an era of plaintive indignation and somber discontent. Throughout Sinclair Ross’s story, she has explored and made believable to relate the fact setting in our society-the common situations; passages of empty dreams and hopelessness made it real. The credibility was in the character’s words and the nature of the relationship between the family and the farm. The family, in all aspects of life, is in a never-ending cycle of empty dreams and promises. This exists only for the far-off chance they may be rescued from their lives. The pair have little things to make themselves happy, spending their time arguing over who has it worse. And so, communication is really the key to eliminate chaos. Cited Works: Lesk, Andrew. â€Å"The Lamp at Noon and Other Stories†. The Literary Encyclopedia. 15 June 2005. â€Å"The use of setting and atmosphere in The Lamp at Noon, Sinclair Ross† Justin Jusilla. 2008.

Unit Examination

The basic types of tissue in the human body are a. Cell, organ, and organ system. B. Sight, smell, and hearing. C. Thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. D. Muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial. 2. Which system regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism? A. Endocrine system b. Lymphatic system c. Integument system d. Skeletal system 3. Which of the following is the correct order from simplest to most complex for the levels of organization in the human body? A. Organ systems, tissues, organs, cells b. C. D. Cells, tissues, organs, organ systemsOrgan systems, organs, tissues, cells Cells, organs, organ systems, tissues 4. The brain, lungs, testes, and small intestine are each examples of a. A nerve. An organ. A tissue. An organ system. 5. Leers-Dandles syndrome Is a disease that affects the structure and support systems of the body. Which type of tissue does the disease target? A. Epithelial a. Connective Nerve Muscle 6. The Internal environment off house Is to thermostat as the human body Is to skin. Pancreas. Liver. Hypothalamus. Order in which they occur? 1) The liver removes glucose from the blood. 2) The body absorbs food molecules after eating. As the body uses glucose for energy, the liver releases stored glucose into the blood. 4) The levels of glucose in the blood rise. B. 4,132 8. An imbalance in blood glucose levels causes which of the following diseases? A. Cancer b. Parkinson disease c. Diabetes d. AIDS 9. Which organ maintains homeostasis by regulating the amount of sugar in the blood? A. Stomach b. Liver d. Heart 10. Which of the following statements is not true about the process of sweating? A. Sweating is more likely to occur on hot days than cool days. B. Sweating is likely to occur after strenuous exercise. C. Evaporation of sweat warms the body. Excessive sweating can lead to dehydration. 1 1 . Why do you sometimes shiver when you're cold? A. The lack of heat causes your skin to tighten and become stiff. B. It causes b lood to rush to the surface of your skin and release heat. C. Your muscles are shaking off excess water to release heat. D. Your muscles are contracting in order to release heat. 12. The energy available in food can be measured in a lab by a. Determining its mass. Burning the food to release heat. C. Analyzing its chemical structure. Calculating its volume. 13. A car is to gasoline as your body is to your stomach. Our kidneys. C. DOD. Enzymes. 14. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of the body by 10 Celsius. Raise the temperature of 1 g of fat by 10 Celsius. C. Raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 10 Celsius. Raise the temperature of 1 gallon of water by 10 Celsius. 15. An example of foods high in fiber is whole grain bread. Butter. . Eggs. Fish. 16. Starches are to simple sugars as proteins are to fatty acids. Double bonds. C. Amino acids. 17. What makes essential fatty acids and essential amino acids different from ones that aren't essential? A.E ssential nutrients are more important than others, so he body needs more of them. B. Nutrients that are essential cannot be made by the body, so they must be obtained from food. C. Brain cells need only the essential nutrients, so they are important for clear thinking. D. All essential nutrients are water-soluble, so they all must be replaced every day. 18. Which of the following foods are a good source of water-soluble vitamins? Eggs Dairy products . Vegetable oils Citrus fruits 19. A doctor tells his patient that his thyroid hormone levels are low. Which of these foods should the patient increase in his diet? A.Poultry and grains b. Seafood . Vegetables d. Bread and cereal 20. Which of the following foods is a major source of vitamin D? A. Yogurt, and cheese b. Leafy green vegetables c. Whole grains d. Fruit Milk, percent of Calories from fat, of which only 20 percent should be from unsaturated fats. B. 30 percent of Calories from unsaturated fat, in addition to 10 percent from sa turated fats. C. 50 percent of Calories from saturated fats. D. 30 percent of Calories from fat, of which only 7 percent should be from saturated fats and 1 percent from trans fats. 22. About how many collieries does the average teenager need per day? 100 to 200 b. 500t0600 c. 2200 to 2800 d. 10,000 23. When a doctor suggests following a diet low in saturated fats, which of these products is preferred when cooking? A. Oils with single bonds between their carbon atoms b. Oils with double bonds between their carbon atoms c. Animal fats, which are solid at room temperature d. Butter, which is solid at room temperature Figure 30-1 24. Look at Figure 30-1 . In which structure is water extracted from digested food? A. B 25. Which structure in Figure 30-1 uses muscle contractions to produce a churning motion that breaks up food? A.C ermines that regulate blood sugar levels b. Producing enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids c. Producing bile Producing so dium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid 27. Where does the process of chemical digestion begin? Esophagi . Small intestine Mouth 28. Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum? A. Large intestine Villous Duodenum 29. What â€Å"muscular tube† carries food between the pharynx and the stomach? Small intestine Epiglottis . Esophagi its description? A. Absorption; the physical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules. B.Ingestion; the process of getting food into the opening of the digestive tract. C. Elimination; the movement of small molecules from the digestive tract into the blood. D. Digestion; undigested materials pass out of the body. 31. What enzyme found in saliva breaks chemical bonds in starches forming sugars? A. Amylase Chem.. Pepsin Hydrochloric acid 32. What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve? Absorption of nutrients by villa Pepsin and bile . Smooth muscle contractions Bile and pancreatic fluid 33. After complex organic molecules have been absorbed in the small intestine, what materials are left behind? Protein and carbohydrates b. Water and cellulose c. Fats and starches d. Chem.. And bolus Figure 30-2 34. Look at Figure 30-2. Filtered blood leaves the kidney and returns to circulation through the a. Renal artery. B. Renal vein. C. Urinary bladder. D. Urethra. 35. Which structure in Figure 30-2 removes excess water, urea and metabolic waste from the blood? A. Kidney b. Renal vein c. Urinary bladder d. Router down nutrients. Remove wastes. C. Absorb nutrients. Prevent infection. 37. Which of the following is not part of a neoprene? Urethra Loop of Henley . Slumberous Bowman's capsule 38.In the kidneys, both useful substances and wastes are removed from the blood by a. Reapportion. Excretion. C. Dialysis. Filtration. 39. What role does skin play in the excretory system? Secretes excess water as sweat Protects against pathogens . Absorbs water through osmosis Facilitates gas exchange 40. The activity of the kidneys is controlled by hormones and by the a. Of nutrients. B. Volume of filtrate. C. Composition of the blood. D. Composition of the urine. Volume 41. Which structure in the kidneys' neoprene is mainly responsible for the filtration of the blood? A. Collecting duct b. Loop of Henley c.Slumberous . Bowman's capsule 42. What percentage of the filtrate's water that enters Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed into the blood? A. 100 percent b. 99 percent c. 50 percent d. Less than 25 percent treatments three times a week. What does the process of dialysis do? A. Urine to the urinary bladder b. Pumps blood throughout the body c. Filters waste from the blood d. Forces water into cells and tissues by osmosis Carries 44. A lab technician performs a urine analysis and notes the patient should be tested for diabetes. What was present in the urine sample? A. Low levels of protein b. Crystallized calcium deposits.

Embedded system

AbstractionAn Embedded system has become indispensable in our lifes: autos, airplanes, powerplant control systems, telecommunications systems, all contain digital calculating systems with dedicated functionality. Most of them are real-time systems which response to their seasonableness restraints. The seasonableness demand has to run into under influence of unpredictable stochastic behaviour of the system. In this thesis we address stochastic undertaking executing times. In programming of undertakings in real-time systems, it is normally assumed that the undertakings consume their WCET in every supplication. This is a pessimistic premise that is made in order to vouch difficult real-time public presentation. However ; there exist real-time systems that have soft existent clip restraints. The benefit of loosen uping the premises is that more systems are schedulable and, more significantly, systems with a higher burden is schedulable.The end of the undertaking is to:* Implementing Stochastic WCET and the least slack foremost scheduling algorithm in a real-time system simulator. * Experiments should be performed in order to look into by experimentation the benefits in footings of figure of schedulable systems utilizing stochastic wcets compared to utilizing fixed wcets. The consequences show the public presentation and the advantage gained by least slack foremost scheduling algorithm which has lowest possible slack clip.Key wordsRTOS, Simulation, Tasks, Response clip, Worst instance response clip, worst instance executing clip.three Sammanfattningbegreppen Baddat in systemen har bli oumbarlig I var livsform: bil, flygmaskinerna powerplant kontroll systemen telecommuncations systemen, de all innehalla digital arbete med computing machine systemen med hangiven funktionellitet. Hogst portents dem de/vi/du/ni ar verklig – tid systemen vilken svaren till deras timeliness tvangen. Och den har seasonableness behoven har till bli nagot oforutsedd stochastic beteende om system. I denne teorien six adress plattform – beroende stochastic arbetsuppgift utforanden tiden. I planlage av uppgiften I verklig – tid systemen, den Er vanligtvis anta sa base on balls uppgiften fortara lair wcet I varje akallan. Den har Er en pessimistisk antaganden lair dar Er gjord for att garanti hard verklig – tid utforande. Hur†¦ an ; dar finnas verklig – tid systemen sa base on balls har mjuk verklig tid tvangen. Formanen av slappa antagandena Er det elevation mer systemen de/vi/du/ni ar schedulable och, mer viktigt, systemen med en hoger lasta ar schedulable. Malet om projekt ar boulder clay: * Stochastic wcet och lair minst slo forsta planlage algoritmen i en verklig – tid system simulanten. * Experimentera skulle bli utfort for att undersoka experimental lair formanen one termen av antal Ab schedulable systemen anvandande stochastic wcets jamforde med anvandande fastad wcets. Den resultaten utstallning utforanden och fordelen vinna vid minst slo forsta planlage algoritmen vilken har lagst mullig slo tid.List of AbbreviationsPTDA — – } Probabilistic clip demand analysis. STDA — – } Stochastic clip demand analysis. EP — – } Execution profile SN — – } Switch overing figureChapter 1IntroductionThis chapter gives the motive for the work done in this thesis in subdivision 1.1, and so aims in subdivision 1.2, and construction of the thesis in subdivision 1.3.1.1 MotivationEmbedded systems have become common usage in our life: family contraptions, autos, aeroplanes, power works control systems, medical equipment, telecommunication systems, infinite engineering, they all contain digital calculating systems with dedicated functionality. Most of them, if non all, are real-time systems, i.e. their responses to stimulations have timeliness restraints. The seasonableness demand has to be met despite some unpredictable, stochastic behaviour of the system.1.2 ObjectiveThe chief aim of this thesis is to develop 1. Implementing stochastic wcet and the least slack foremost scheduling algorithm in a real-time system simulator. 2. Experiments should be performed in order to look into by experimentation the benefits in footings of figure of schedulable systems utilizing stochastic wcets compared to utilizing fixed wcets. 3. Get trained in utilizing Research methodological analysis for work outing a province of art job in an country of import for the Masters plan. 4. Understand how the work is expected to be documented and pattern it in composing a Masters thesis.1.3 Thesis OutlineChapter 2, describes the theoretical background about the stochastic behavior of real-time systems and least slack foremost scheduling algorithm. Chapter 3, outlines the job preparation. Chapter 4, describes the solution. Chapter 5, demonstrates the rating of the simulation. Chapter 6, shows the related plants. Chapter 7, follows decisions from the consequences obtained.Chapter 2BackgroundThis chapter introduces basic constructs and notations needed for understanding the balance of the thesis. Section 2.1 presents the chief constructs of real-time and embedded systems. Section 2.2 presents the constructs of least slack first algorithm and their types.2.1 Real-time and Embedded Systems2.1.1 RTOSReal-time Operating System, an operating system designed to be used in existent clip systems. A Real clip systems has been defined as Any information processing activity or system which has to react to externally generated input stimulations within a finite and specified hold. The basic features of a real-time systems or embedded computing machine systems have been considered. They were: 1. Breadth and complexness 2. Manipulation of existent Numberss 3. Real-time control. 4. Efficient execution. 5. Extreme dependability and safety. Systems, in which the rightness of their operation is defined non merely in footings of functionality but besides in footings of seasonableness, organize the category of real-time systems. Hard Real clip systems: Seasonableness demands may be difficult significance that the misdemeanor of any such demand is non tolerated. In a difficult real-time system, if non all deadlines are guaranteed to be met, the system is said to be unschedulable. To understand, design, predict, and analyze safety critical applications such as works control and aircraft control, hence the community focused on difficult existent clip systems, where interrupting seasonableness demands are non tolerated. The analysis of such system gives a yes/no reply to the inquiry if the system fulfils the seasonableness demands. Hard existent clip analysis relies on constructing worst-case scenarios. Hard existent clip analysis can non afford but to presume that worst instance scenarios ever go on and to proviso for these instances. This attack is the lone one applicable for the category of safety critical embedded systems, even if really frequently leads to important under use of resources. Soft Real clip systems: Systems classified as soft real-time may on occasion interrupt a real-time demand provided that the service quality exceeds prescribed degrees. The nature of real-time embedded system is typically heterogenous along multiple dimensions. For illustration, an application may exhibit informations, control and protocol processing features. It may besides dwell of blocks exhibiting different classs of seasonableness demands, such as difficult and soft. In the instance of soft real-time systems nevertheless, the analysis provides fittingness estimations, such as steps of the grade to which a system is schedulable, instead than binary categorizations.2.1.2 SimulationSimulation is a method which can be used for analysis of response clip. When we are utilizing simulation, a elaborate theoretical account of the system is executed in imitating a system before it is implemented helps cut downing hazards of failure.2.1.3 UndertakingsA procedure in a existent clip system normally with some deadline and a period.2.1.4 Response clipThe clip in which system gives end product after taking input.2.1.5 Worst instance response clipThe maximal possible response clip of a undertaking.2.1.6 Worst instance executing clip ( WCET )The longest possible executing clip of the undertaking. Stochastic theoretical account uses in: It improves schedulability of undertakings compared to presuming their executing times are ever equal to their wcets. It uses good known Techniques of Deterministic Analysis, such as barricading in shared resources, undertaking precedence assignment.2.2 Least slack foremost Scheduling Algorithm:Least Slack Time programming is a Scheduling algorithm. It assigns precedence based on the slack clip of a procedure. It is besides known as Least Laxity First and most common usage is in embedded systems, particularly those with multiple processors.2.2.1 Slack clipThis programming algorithm first selects those procedures that have the smallest â€Å" loose clip † . Slack clip is defined as the temporal difference between the absolute deadline, the ready clip and the tally clip. More officially, the slack clip for a procedure is defined as: ( d – T ) – degree Celsius ‘ Where, vitamin D is the procedure deadline T is the existent clip since the rhythm start degree Celsius ‘ is the staying calculation clip. It ‘s Suitable in: LST programming is most utile in systems consisting chiefly nonperiodic undertakings, because no anterior premises are made on the events ‘ rate of happening. The chief failing of LST is that it does non look in front, and works merely on the current system province. Therefore, during a brief overload of system resources, LST can be sub-optimal and it will besides be suboptimal when used with uninterruptible procedures. It is optimum in: 1. Processor pre-emption is allowed. 2. No contention for resources. 3. Single processor. 4. Arbitrary release times. 5. Arbitrary deadlines.2.2.2 Related plants on LSTWhen an algorithm contains same least loose clip, it causes tonss of unneeded exchanging so bad public presentation will be at that place, so to curtail that we use least slack first to a great extent. LSF scheduling algorithm implemented by threshold ; a fresh Dynamic Fuzzy Threshold Based least Slack First ( DFTLSF ) scheduling algorithm is presented. DFTLSF algorithm uses the lingual set ( uncountable set ) to depict the period and the slack clip which contains unsure characters. The threshold coefficient gotten by fuzzy regulations assigns the threshold of the running undertaking dynamically. Any one who wants to preempt this undertaking must hold the smaller slack clip than the threshold. The consequences of the simulations show that, comparing to the traditional LSF Algorithm, the exchanging figure ( SN ) is much smaller2.2.2.1 DFTLSF Fuzzy Threshold:Two characters are considered to judge the precedence of a undertaking in DFTLSF: 1. Slack Time. 2. Threshold. The most of import of the undertaking to the system is, The little coefficient consequences in the little threshold which causes the difficult pre-emption by other undertakings. Once the undertaking gets the CPU, its slack clip reduces to its pre-emption threshold degree which is computed. It wo n't acquire back until the undertaking is done or the undertaking is preempted by another undertaking. The algorithm integrates the advantages of the pre-emption scheduling algorithm and the non-preemption 1. It consequences in a double precedence system that is good for the undertakings put to deathing successfully and cut downing the exchanging figure. The method makes the agenda and the pre-emption flexible and sensible harmonizing to the state of affairs the undertaking faces. When the threshold coefficient is 0, the algorithm is the method becomes the LSF while the threshold coefficient gets its biggest one which is 1.Scheduling scheme:In DFTLSF scheduling algorithm, the dynamic fuzzed threshold coefficient is proposed. It improves the schedulability by adding a fuzzed threshold coefficient. To look for the threshold coefficient, some fuzzy regulations are made ; the threshold coefficient is used for the running undertakings in the system. It is compared with other undertakings loose clip to make up one's mind which one to run foremost. It decreases the switching figure among undertakings when the slack clip of the undertakings is about the same. As a consequence, it avoids the walloping ( trading ) in the system and improves the schedulability. Another betterment is the critical value of loose clip. It is introduced into the system to guarantee the undertakings which are about finished ca n't be preempted by other undertakings.2.2.2.2 Least Laxity First Scheduling:This can be a coprocessor capable of implementing dynamic programming algorithms which are, until now seldom used because of their complex calculations at agenda clip. LLF is an optimum programming methodological analysis that allows sensing of clip restraint misdemeanors in front of making a tasks deadline, but has the disadvantage of demoing hapless runtime behaviour in some particular state of affairss ( â€Å"thrashing† ) The Least-Laxity-First algorithm ( LLF ) is a dynamic programming method, i.e. it makes the determination about which undertaking to put to death following at schedule clip. Another great advantage of the Least-Laxity-First algorithm is the fact that except schedulability proving no farther analysis, e.g. for delegating fixed precedences to the undertakings, has to be done at development clip. Furthermore, Least-Laxity-First shows hapless public presentation in state of affairss in which more than one undertaking have the smallest slack.2.2.2.3 Enhanced Least Laxity First Scheduling:This algorithm preserves all advantages of LLF while bettering the tally clip behaviour by cut downing the figure of context switches. Calculation clip of this device is instead a affair of clip declaration than of the figure of undertakings. This is of high importance as LLF in certain state of affairss causes a large figure of unneeded context switches that can dramatically increase operating system operating expense. ELLF algorithm represents a inactive programming coprocessor, i.e. the device determines the undertaking to be executed next merely after an external start signal. The purpose of this betterment is to guarantee that in a state of affairs when some undertakings would usually get down to thresh, they are executed consecutively without preempting each other. This can non be done by merely doing the whole system temporarily Non-preemptive. With such a non-preemptive LLF-algorithm, undertakings may lose their deadlines.Advantages of Enhanced Least-Laxity- First Scheduling:1. It responses the clip analysis of threshing undertakings. 2. Number of Context Switches.2.2.2.4 Modified Least Laxity First Scheduling:A Modified Least-Laxity-First ( MLLF ) scheduling algorithm is to work out the frequent context switches job of the LLF programming algorithm. The MLLF programming algorithm allows the laxness inversion where a undertaking with the least laxness may non be scheduled instantly. If the laxity-tie occurs, MLLF scheduling algorithm allows the running undertaking to run with no pre-emption every bit far as the deadlines of other undertakings are non missed. Laxity Inversion Duration at clip T is the continuance that the current running undertaking can go on running with no loss in schedulability even if there exist a undertaking ( or undertakings ) whose laxness is smaller than the current running undertaking. Hence, MLLF scheduling algorithm avoids the debasement of systems public presentation.Chapter 3Problem FormulationSince the application sphere of this thesis is embedded systems, this chapter starts in subdivision 3.1 with a treatment on the bing programming algorithms based on Real clip systems. Section 3.2 presents the demand of Least Slack First Scheduling Algorithm in stochastic wcet.3.1 Scheduling Algorithms in Real-time SystemsFor a given set of occupations, the general programming jobs asks for an order harmonizing to which the occupations are to be executed by fulfilling with assorted restraints. Typically, a occupation is characterised by its executing clip, ready clip, deadline, and resource demands. The executing of a occupation may or may non be interrupted over a set of occupations and there is a precedency relation which constraints the order of the executing, particularly with the executing of a occupation can non get down until the executing of all its predecessors is completed.Types of Real-Time SchedulingFor illustration the systems on which the occupations are to be executed is characterised by the sum of resources available [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 27, 12 ] . The undermentioned ends should be considered in scheduling a real-time system: [ 30, 32, 27 ] . * Meeting the timing restraints of the system * Preventing coincident entree to shred resources and devices. * Achieving a high grade of use while fulfilling the timing restraints of the system. * Reducing the cost of context switches caused by pre-emption. * Reducing the communicating cost in real-time distributed systems. In add-on, the undermentioned points are desired in advanced real-time systems: * Sing a combination of difficult, and soft existent clip system activities, which implies the possibility of using dynamic programming policies that respect to the optimality standards. * Task programming of using dynamic programming policies that respect the optimality standards. * Covering dependability, security, and safety. Basically, the programming job is to find a agenda for the executing of the occupations so that they are all completed before the overall deadline [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 27, 12 ] . Given a real-time system, the appropriate programming attack should be designed based on the belongingss of the system and the undertakings happening in it. These belongingss are as follows [ 22, 59, 30, 32 ] : _ Soft/Hard/Firm real-time undertakings The real-time undertakings are classified as difficult, soft and steadfast real-time undertakings. Periodic/Aperiodic/Sporadic undertakings Periodic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated ( released ) on a regular basis at fixed rates ( periods ) . Normally, periodic undertakings have a restraint which indicates that cases of them must put to death one time per period. Aperiodic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated irregularly at some unknown and perchance boundless rate. The clip restraint is normally a deadline. Sporadic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated irregularly with some known bounded rate. The delimited rate is characterized by a minimal inter-arrival period, that is, a minimal interval of clip between two consecutive activations. The clip restraint is normally a deadline. An nonperiodic undertaking has a deadline by which it must get down or complete, or it may hold a restraint on both start and finish times. In the instance of a periodic undertaking, a period means one time per period or precisely units apart. A bulk of centripetal processing is periodic in nature. For illustration, a radio detection and ranging that tracks flights produces informations at a fixed rate [ 32, 29, 27, 12 ] . _ Preemptive/Non-preemptive undertakings In some real-time programming algorithms, a undertaking can be preempted if another undertaking of higher precedence becomes ready. In contrast, the executing of a non-preemptive undertaking should be completed without break, once it is started [ 32, 30, 27, 12 ] ._ Multiprocessor/Single processor systems The figure of the available processors is one of the chief factors in make up one's minding how to Agenda a real-time system. In multiprocessor real-time systems, the scheduling algorithms should forestall coincident entree to shared resources and devices. Additionally, the best scheme to cut down the communicating cost should be provided [ 32, 27 ] . Fixed/Dynamic precedence undertakings In precedence driven programming, a precedence is assigned to each undertaking. Delegating the precedences can be done statically or dynamically while the system is running [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 12 ] . _Flexible/Static systems For scheduling a real-time system, we need to hold adequate information, such as deadline, minimal hold, maximal hold, run-time, and worst instance executing clip of each undertaking. A bulk of systems assume that much of this information is available a priori and, hence, are based on inactive design. However, some of the real-time systems are designed to be dynamic and flexible [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 12 ] . _ Independent/Dependent undertakings Given a real-time system, a undertaking that is traveling to get down executing may necessitate to have the information provided by another undertaking of the system. Therefore, executing of a undertaking should be started after completing the executing of the other undertaking. This is the construct of dependence.3.2 Implementing Least Slack First in stochastic behaviour:The laxness of a procedure is defined as the deadline subtraction staying calculation clip. In other words, the laxness of a occupation is the maximum sum of clip that the occupation can wait and still run into its deadline. The algorithm gives the highest precedence to the active occupation with the smallest laxness. Then the occupation with the highest precedence is executed. While a procedure is put to deathing, it can be preempted by another whose laxness has decreased to below that of the running procedure. A job arises with this strategy when two procedures have similar laxnesss. One procedure will run for a short piece and so acquire preempted by the other and frailty versa. Thus, many context switches occur in the life-time of the procedures. The least laxness foremost algorithm is an optimum programming algorithm for systems with periodic real-time undertakings. If each clip a new ready undertaking arrives ; it is inserted into a waiting line of ready undertakings, sorted by their laxnesss. In this instance, the worst instance clip complexness of the LLF algorithm is where the entire figure of the petitions in each hyper-period of periodic undertakings in the system and is the figure of nonperiodic undertakings. vitamin E The executing clip of a undertaking depends on application dependant, platform dependant, and environment dependent factors. The sum of input informations to be processed in each undertaking instantiation every bit good as its type ( pattern, constellation ) are application dependent factors. The type of treating unit that executes a undertaking is a platform dependent factor act uponing the undertaking executing clip. If the clip needed for communicating with the environment is to be considered as a portion of the executing clip, so web burden is an illustration of an environmental factor act uponing the undertaking executing clip.Execution clip chance denseness mapshows the executing clip probability denseness of such a undertaking. An attack based on a worst instance executing clip theoretical account would implement the undertaking on an expensive system which guarantees the imposed deadline for the worst instance state of affairs. This state of affairs nevertheless will happen w ith a really little chance. If the nature of the system is such that a certain per centum of deadline girls is low-cost, a cheaper system, which still fulfills the imposed quality of service, can be designed. For illustration, such a cheaper a system would be one that would vouch the deadlines if the executing clip of the undertaking did non transcend a clip minute t. It can be seen from the, that there is a low chance that the undertaking executing clip exceeds Ts and hence, losing a deadline is a rare event taking to an acceptable service quality.Chapter 4Design and ExecutionThis chapter presents the design and execution of stochastic wcet and LSF scheduling algorithm in subdivision 4.1 severally.4.1 Design of Least Slack First Algorithm:Difficult real-time programming can be thought of as an issue for embedded systems where the sum of clip to finish each explosion is capable to these parametric quantities: Sum of work ( W ) , sum of slack clip ( S ) Assume that the Numberss are specified in footings of processor ticks ( timer interrupts ) . The deadline ( D ) is the amount of W + S, i.e. , slack clip exactly represents the sum of clip which in which the procedure can be preempted while finishing its explosion in order to accomplish the deadline. When a figure of procedures are trying to accomplish their deadlines the undermentioned calculation takes topographic point at each tick ( 1 ) : — W ; // for the current running procedure — Second ; // for all procedures on the ready waiting line Namely, the running procedure has completed another tick of work towards its deadline and the others have one less tick of slack clip available. In scheduling algorithms we imagine for such a system would non be time-sharing, but would be priority-based, where the precedence is measured by some sense of urgency towards finishing the deadlines. Least Slack First ( LSF ) : when a procedure completes a explosion or a new one becomes ready, schedule the procedure whose value S is the smallest. Or, it can concentrate on completing of the overall deadline. Both represent sensible impressions of fulfilling procedure urgency. Here is a simple illustration which illustrates the differing behaviour: Process idle clip explosion — — — – — — — — – — — – A 0 ( W=10, S=8 ) B 3 ( W=3, S=11 ) C 5 ( W=3, S=6 ) Using the LSF algorithm, we would finish these explosions as follows: Time run ready — — — – — — – 0 A ( 10,8 ) ( ) 3 A ( 7,8 ) ( B ( 3,11 ) ) 5 C ( 3,6 ) ( A ( 5,8 ) , B ( 3,9 ) ) 8 A ( 5,5 ) ( B ( 3,6 ) ) 13 B ( 3,1 ) ( ) 16 — – Based on the above illustration the codification has been generated and account for the above illustration: Iteration 1: At clip 0 A will be ( 10, 8 ) Where as 10 is W ( current running procedure ) , 8 is S ( ready waiting line ) . Iteration 2: At clip 3 We have 2 phases: 1. Run phase: At this phase the procedure A will ( 7, 8 ) because For 7: W – idle clip 8: ready waiting line 2. Ready phase: At this phase the procedure B will ( 3, 11 ) because For 3: idle clip 11: ready waiting line Iteration 3: At clip 5 Same as like Iteration 2 here besides we have 2 phases 1. Run phase: At this phase the procedure C will ( 3, 6 ) because For 3: idle clip 6: ready waiting line 2. Ready phase: Procedure A will be ( 5, 8 ) and B will be ( 3, 9 ) For 5: 10-5 i.e. W – idle clip 8: ready waiting line For B: 3: idle clip 9: W+S+idletime – idle clip – idle clip Iteration 4: At clip 8 In Run phase A will be ( 5, 5 ) Because one rhythm is executed so A ready waiting line will be minimized by 3 In Run phase B will be ( 3, 6 ) 6: W-idle clip -idle clip There will be a context switches. Iteration 5: At clip 13 In tally phase B ( 3, 1 ) 1: ready waiting line of loop 3 -idle clip.4.1.1Comparing of Slack undertakings:To compare loose undertakings in LSF with different conditions the codification has been written. if ( slackLeftT1 & lt ; slackLeftT2 ) { return -1 ; } if ( slackLeftT2==slackLeftT1 ) { return 0 ; } if ( slackLeftT2 & lt ; slackLeftT1 ) { return 1 ; } return 0 ; } }4.1.2Implementation of Execution times:In an existent executing clip, the executing block consumes a â€Å" guessed † executing clip that the scheduler is utilizing in its programming determinations. In the map executing, the category Computation demand to utilize the existent executing. In the LSF comparator we must do certain the â€Å" guessed † executing clip is being used. Lashkar-e-taibas denote the existent executing clip as C_to_be_executed_time and it is a data member of the category Computation. this.C_to_be_executed_time = distr.sample ( ) ; // clip that will be consumed by the executing block Let ‘s denote the â€Å" guessed † executing clip as C and it is besides a data member of the category Computation. this.C = distr.sample ( ) ; // Assumed WCET to be used by LSF scheduler We must now guarantee that the execute method consumes C_to_be_executed_time clip units and the LSF comparator uses C. Further, guaranting the executing times that are assigned in the builder of Computation category prevarication in the scope of 0 and some positive upper edge.4.1.3Implementation for scheduling periodic undertakings and work load:The below codification reference to implements the periodic undertakings. Periodic p1 = new Periodic ( 0,31, 0, â€Å" T1 † ) ; p1.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( new Normal ( 10,5 ) , p1 ) ) ; The work load can be calculated by, Workload = max executing time/ period clip.Chapter 5Evaluation of SimulationThis chapter describes the public presentation rating of the simulator. Section 5.1 presents the simulator foundation, while in subdivision 5.25.1 Eclipse and the Eclipse FoundationEclipse is an unfastened beginning community ; undertakings are focused on constructing an unfastened development platform comprised of extensile models, tools and runtimes for edifice, deploying and pull offing package across the lifecycle. The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that hosts the Eclipse undertakings and helps cultivate both an unfastened beginning community and an ecosystem of complementary merchandises and services. The Eclipse Project was originally created by IBM in November 2001 and supported by a pool of package sellers. The Eclipse Foundation was created in January 2004 as an independent not-for-profit corporation to move as the steward of the Eclipse community. The independent not-for-profit corporation was created to let a seller impersonal and unfastened, crystalline community to be established around Eclipse. Today, the Eclipse community consists of persons and organisations from a cross subdivision of the package industry. In general, the Eclipse Foundation provides four services to the Eclipse community: 1 ) IT Infrastructure. 2 ) IP Management. 3 ) Development Process and, 4 ) Ecosystem Development. Full-time staffs are associated with each of these countries and work with the greater Eclipse community to help in run intoing the demands of the stakeholders. Eclipse – an unfastened development platform Eclipse is an unfastened beginning community ; undertakings are focused on constructing an unfastened development platform comprised of extensile models, tools and runtimes for edifice, deploying and pull offing package across the lifecycle. A big and vivacious ecosystem of major engineering sellers, advanced start-ups, universities, research establishments and persons extend, complement and back up the Eclipse platform. Used for 1. Enterprise Development. 2. Mobile + Device development. 3. Application model, linguistic communication ide. Eclipse Undertakings Eclipse is a aggregation of unfastened beginning undertakings built on the Equinox OSGi run-time. Eclipse started as a Java IDE, but has since grown to be much, much more. Eclipse undertakings now cover inactive and dynamic linguistic communications ; thick-client, thin-client, and server-side models ; patterning and concern coverage ; embedded and nomadic systems.5.2 simulator apparatus:On a high degree, the simulator simulates a computing machine system by utilizing objects that encapsulate different functionality and make up one's mind on parametric quantities on the objects. The undermentioned categories are of import: 1.ComputerSystem: c.add ( central processing unit ) ; 2.CPU: A CPU that is bound to the computing machine system DataDependencyGraph g = new DataDependencyGraph ( ) ;g.insertData ( 1, 0, 0 ) ;g.insertData ( 2, 0, 0 ) ;g.insertData ( 3, 0, 0 ) ;A information dependence graph that describes informations points in the system and their relationship. Think of the relationships a borders between nodes in a directed acyclic graph. Constructs a information dependence graph of three informations points. These informations points have no relationships. 3. ConditionedExecution: At least one learned executing that is bound to a undertaking. Periodic p1 = new Periodic ( 0, 100, 0, â€Å" T1 † ) ;p1.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 1, 10, 1, p1, g ) ) ;p1.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p1 ) ) ; Periodic p2 = new Periodic ( 0, 200, 0, â€Å" T2 † ) ;p2.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 1, 10, 1, p2, g ) ) ;p2.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p2 ) ) ; Periodic p3 = new Periodic ( 0, 103, 0, â€Å" T3 † ) ;p3.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 2, 10, 1, p3, g ) ) ;p3.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p3 ) ) ;Concepts three periodic undertakings. Each undertaking has two conditioned executings that execute in the order they are bound to the undertaking. 4.Tasks: At least one undertaking that is bound to a CPU. Vector & lt ; CPU & gt ; c = new Vector & lt ; CPU & gt ; ( ) ;CPU central processing unit = new CPU ( new WinOverSlack ( ) ) ;cpu.installTask ( p1 ) ;cpu.installTask ( p2 ) ;cpu.installTask ( p3 ) ;Instantiates a CPU and bounds the undertakings to the CPU. 5.Events: At least one information point that may be used by an executing ComputerSystem cs = new ComputerSystem ( degree Celsius, hint ) ;cs.eventLoop ( 10000 ) ;Concepts a computing machine system and bounds the array of CPUs to it. The method eventLoop starts the simulation and the simulation coatings when it reaches clip point 10000. 6.Trace: Trace hint = new Trace ( new OutputStreamWriter ( System.out ) ) ;Instantiates a hint where the end product of the simulation will be written. This hint writes to standard end product, which makes the end product to look in the console in Eclipse. In simulation, I used stochastic executing times on a sort of learned executing that is bound to a undertaking. This means that every clip the learned executingexecutes it consumes different sums of clip. Therefore, when an case of a undertaking starts we can take a conjecture how much clip it will devour. The system uses LSF that use the guessed executing clip.End product:Chapter 6This chapter focuses on alternate attacks and related research works viz. stochastic undertaking executing times. Hence, in the below subdivision we discussed related plants on stochastic worst instance executing times.Related plantsSome of the related work in stochastic undertaking executing times: Burns et Al. : [ BPSW99 ] addresses the job of a system by interrupting its seasonableness demands due to transeunt mistakes. In this instance, the executing clip variableness stems from undertaking re-executions and the shortest interval between two mistake happening such that no undertaking exceeds its deadline and is determined by sensitiveness analysis. The chance that the system exceeds its deadline is given by the chance that faults occurs at a faster rate than the tolerated one. Broster et Al. : [ BBRN02 ] Determines the response clip of a undertaking ; it re-executes K  º N times due to mistakes in order to obtain the chance distribution of the response clip, and it compute the chance of the event that K mistakes occur. The mistake happening procedure is assumed to be a poisson procedure in both of the cited plants. But Burns et Al. : Extend broster ‘s attack by adding statistical dependences among executing times. His attack are applicable to systems with sporadic undertakings, which are unsuited for the finding of undertaking deadline miss chances of undertakings with generalised executing clip chance distributions, and besides confined to sets which are independent undertakings implemented by utilizing monoprocessor systems. Bernat et Al. : [ BCP02 ] Address different job which determines the frequence with which a individual undertaking executes for a peculiar sum of clip, called executing clip profile and this was performed by based on the executing clip profiles of the basic blocks of the undertaking. The strength of this attack is that they consider statistical dependences among the executing clip profiles of the basic blocks. But nevertheless, this attack would be hard to widen to the deadline miss ratio analysis of multi-task systems because of the complex interleaving with the features of undertaking executings in such environments. Atlas and Bestavros: [ AB98 ] extends the classical rate monotone programming policy with an entree accountant in order to manage undertakings with stochastic executing times. It analyses the quality of the service of the ensuing agenda and its dependance on the entree control parametric quantities. The attack is limited to monoprocessor systems, rate monotone analysis and assumes the presence of an admittance accountant at run-time. Abeni and Buttazzo ‘s [ AB99 ] work addresses both programming and public presentation analysis of undertakings with stochastic parametric quantities. It focuses on how to schedule both difficult and soft real-time undertakings on the same processor, in such a manner that the difficult 1s are non disturbed by ill-behaved soft undertakings. Tia et Al. [ TDS95 ] presume a undertaking theoretical account composed of independent undertakings. There are two methods for public presentation analysis they were, one of them is merely an estimation and is demonstrated to be excessively optimistic. In the 2nd method, a soft undertaking is transformed into a deterministic undertaking and a sporadic 1. The sporadic undertakings are handled by a waiter policy. The analysis is carried out on this peculiar theoretical account. Gardner et Al, [ GAR99, GL99 ] in their stochastic clip demand analysis, present worst-case scenarios with regard to task release times in order to calculate a lower edge for the chance that occupation meets its deadline. It does n't incorporate informations dependences among undertakings and applications implemented on multiprocessors. Zhou et Al. and Hu et Al. [ ZHS99, HZS01 ] root their work in Tia's. , they do non mean to give per-task warrants, but characterize the fittingness of the full undertaking set. Because they consider all possible combinations of executing times of all petitions up to a clip minute, the analysis can be applied merely to little undertaking sets due to complexness grounds. De Verciana et Al. [ BPSW99 ] address a different type of job. Having a undertaking graph and an imposed deadline, its end is to find the way that has the highest chance to go against the deadline. In this instance, the job is reduced to a non-linear optimisation job by utilizing an estimate of the whirl of the chance densenesss. Diaz et Al. [ DJG00 ] derives the expected deadline miss ratio from the chance distribution map of the response clip of a undertaking. The response clip is computed based on the system-level backlog at the beginning of each hyper period, i.e. the residuary executing times of the occupations at those clip minutes. The stochastic procedure of the system-level backlog is Morkovian and its stationary solution can be computed. It contains sets of independent undertakings and the undertaking executing times may presume values merely over distinct sets. In this attack, complexness is mastered by paring the passage chance matrix of the implicit in Markov concatenation or by deploying iterative methods, both at the disbursal of consequence truth. Kalavade and Moghe [ KM98 ] see undertaking graphs where the undertaking executing times are randomly distributed over distinct sets. Their analysis is based on Markovian stochastic procedures excessively. Each province in the procedure is characterized by the executed clip and lead-time. The analysis is performed by work outing a system of additive equations. Because the executing clip is allowed to take merely a finite ( most probably little ) figure of values, such a set of equations is little. Kim and shin [ KS96 ] see applications that are implemented on multiprocessors and modeled them as line uping webs. It restricts the undertaking executing times to exponentially distributed 1s, which reduces the complexness of the analysis. The undertakings were considered to be scheduled harmonizing to a peculiar policy, viz. first-come-first-served ( FCFS ) .Chapter 7Conclusion & A ; Future worksThis chapter gives decisions in subdivision 7.1 and discusses issues for the future work in subdivision 7.27.1 DrumheadNow a yearss, systems controlled by embedded computing machines become indispensable in our lives and can be found in batch of application. And the country of embedded real-time systems introduces the facets of stochastic behavior of real-time systems. In my thesis I deal with platform specific stochastic undertaking. Because of rapid growing in embedded systems by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours, the undertakings in a system are incomplexed mode in a existent clip system and it is normally assumed that the undertaking consume wcet in every supplication. And it is pessimistic premise that is made in order to vouch difficult real-time public presentation. But we have besides soft real-time restraints so that pessimistic premise could be relaxed. In my thesis I worked on loosen uping the pessimistic premise so that more systems are schedulable and more over it is really of import for a system to work on a higher work burden where it is to be schedulable. By this I can do this system to lose their deadlines.7.2 Future workBased on my thesis work, In certain countries it can be better farther by implementing Modified Least Laxity Scheduling Algorithm. By, the aid of this algorithm we can understate the context switches. By understating it, we can non happen any deadline girls and there will be hundred percent use of system which contains higher work burden.Chapter 8Mentions[ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.wcupa.edu/~rkline/OS/Scheduling-examples.html, Last updated: Oct 17, 2007. [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/least-slack-time-scheduling, Article licensed under GNU Free Documentation License. [ 3 ] Ba Wei, Zhang Dabo.. , A Novel Least Slack First Scheduling Algorithm Optimized by Threshold.. , China, July 26 -31, 2007. [ 4 ] Jens Hildebrandt, Frank Golatowski, Dirk Timmermann.. , Scheduling Coprocessor for Enhanced Least-Laxity-First Scheduling in Hard Real-Time Systems.. , Germany. [ 5 ] Sung-Heun Oh, Seung-Min Yang.. , A Modified Least-Laxity-First Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time Tasks.. , Korea. [ 6 ] Using constituents to ease stochastic schedulability analysis. — – Malardalen University [ 7 ] Using iterative simulation for clocking analysis of complex existent clip systems. — – Cantonese Lu [ 8 ] Analysis and optimisation of existent clip system with stochastic behavior. — – sorin manolache. [ 9 ] A. Atlas and A.Bestavrous.Statistical rate monotonic programming. In proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium, pages 123-132, 1998. [ 10 ] L. Abeni and G.Butazzo. Qos warrant utilizing probabilistic deadlines In proceedings of the 11th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, pages 242-249, 1999. [ 11 ] I.Broster, A.Burns, and G.Rodriguez-Navas.Probabilistic analysis of CAN with mistakes. In proceedings of the 23rd Real-time Systems Symposium, 2002. [ 12 ] G.Bernat, A.Colin, and S.Petters.WCET analysis of probabilistic difficult Real-time Systems Symposium, pages 279-288, 2002. [ 13 ] A. Burns, S.Punnekkat, L.Strigini, and D.R.Wright.Probabilistic programming warrants for fault-tolerant real-time systems. In proceeding of the 7th International Working Conference on Dependable Calculating for Critical Applications, pages 339-356, 1999. [ 14 ] G.de Veciana, M.Jacome, and J-H.Guo. Assessing probabilistic timing restraints on system public presentation. Design Automation for Embedded Systems, 5 ( 1 ) :61-81, February 2000. [ 15 ] M.K. Gardner.Probabilistics Analysis and Scheduling of Critical Soft Real-Time Systems. PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 1999. [ 16 ] M.K. Gardner and J.W.S.Liu.Analysing Stochastic Fixed Priority Real-Time Systems, pages 44-58.Springer, 1999. [ 17 ] X.S.Hu, T.Zhou, and E.H.M.Sha. Estimating Probabilistic timing public presentation for real-time embedded systems.IEEE Minutess on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, 9 ( 6 ) :833-844, December 2001. [ 18 ] A.Kavavade and P.Moghe. A tool for public presentation appraisal of networked embedded end-systems. In Proceedings of the thirty-fifth Design Automation Conference, pages 257-262, 1998. [ 19 ] J.Kim and K.G.Shin. Execution clip analysis of pass oning undertakings in distributed systems.IEEE Minutess on Computers, 445 ( 5 ) :572-579, May 1996. [ 20 ] T.S.Tia, Z.Deng, M.Shankar, M.Storch, J.Sun, L-C.Wu, and J.W.S.Liu. Probabilistic public presentation warrant for real-time undertakings with changing calculation times. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium, pages 164-173, May 1995. [ 21 ] T.Zhou, X. ( S. ) Hu, and E.H.M.Sha. A probabilistic public presentation metric for existent clip system design. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Hardware-Software Co-Design, pages 90-94, 1999.AppendixIn this chapter we present the timing diagrams of the agendas provided by some real-time programming algorithms, viz. the earliest deadline foremost, the rate-monotonic and least laxness foremost algorithms, on given sets of undertakings. The timing diagram of undertaking t1 before scheduling The timing diagram of undertaking t2 before scheduling The timing diagram of undertaking t3 before scheduling Sing a system dwelling of three undertakings and that have the repeat periods, calculation times, first supplication times and deadlines are defined in above tabular array. The undertakings are pre-emptive.Earliest Deadline First AlgorithmAs presented in below, the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings Set defined in Table 3 is non EDF-schedulable, because while the executing of the first supplication of the undertaking t2 is non finished yet ; the new supplication of the undertaking arrives. In other words, an overrun status happens. _ ?Rate Monotonic AlgorithmAs shown in below, the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings set defined in above tabular array is non RM-schedulable. The ground is that the deadline of the first supplication of the undertaking t3 is missed. The executing of the first supplication is required to be finished by clip 6, but the agenda could non do it.Least Laxity First AlgorithmBelow nowadayss a part of the timing diagram of the agenda provided by the least laxness foremost algorithm on the undertakings set defined in above tabular array. As shown in the, the deadline of the 3rd supplication of the undertaking t1 can non be met. we conclude that the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings set defined in tabular array is non LLFschedulable.